Chinese melons, (Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, Lanzhou City, agricultural promotion promotion eye center Lanzhou 73i) Wang Yuemei high-efficiency cultivation technology, solar greenhouse, three seasons, melons, vegetables, cold insulation, poor insulation, in the production of facility vegetables, often encountered some unreasonable construction structure Solar greenhouse, such as thin wall (back wall and gable thickness 70-80cm), ridge ft less than 2.8m, rear roof angle is small (less than 30°), less insulation material (30-40cm thick), covering quilt Or the thin curtains, poor quality, etc., so that the solar greenhouse insulation and cold resistance performance is reduced. Especially in the cold December to the first year of the next year, the night temperature drops to around lOT. In the case of continuous snowy weather, the outside temperature is between -16 and -20T. At this time, the temperature in the shed is only 0-3, and the ground temperature is maintained at 7-8T. : Most of the warm vegetables and fruits are frozen, resulting in poor growth and even death. In view of the poor cold insulation of such greenhouses, the warm growing season of the warm vegetables is arranged in the warm season, and the nursery or harvesting period is arranged in the cold season, which can effectively prevent the plants from being frozen and mitigate the losses. The author uses the twilight greenhouse with poor cold insulation and heat preservation to carry out small-sized tomato-small watermelon-small cabbage cultivation for 1 year and three times. The annual output value is increased from 0.8-1 million yuan per 667m2 to 2.3-2.6 million yuan, and the economic benefits are remarkable. The cultivation techniques are now introduced as follows: 1 Cultivation of small tomatoes in the head season, the varieties are Taiwanese farmers, Millennium, Bijiao, Dragon Girl, Jinzhu. It can be raised in mid-July. It was planted in mid-August, harvested in early November, and picked up in mid-January. The output of 667m2 is 4000kg, and the output value is 12,000 yuan. The second small watermelon, the varieties are New Jinlan, Baoguan, Meiwang and so on.
Seedlings were raised at the beginning of January, harvested at the beginning of February, and harvested at the end of April and early May. The output of 667m2 is 21,000 yuan. The third small white cabbage, the variety is small, directly planted in early May, harvested in the middle and late July.
2 cultivation techniques points 2.1 small tomato cultivation techniques 2.1.1 preparation of nutrient soil 7 parts of garden soil without melon seeds, 2 parts of grass charcoal, 1 part of vermiculite, 2kg of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer per m3 matrix, cattle 10kg of feces, 30% carbendazim WP, 100g of trichlorfon crystals, mixed and sieved to form nutrient soil.
2.1.2 Before soaking seeds, soak seeds for 10 minutes (min) with 10% trisodium phosphate, rinse them out with water, then soak them in 55T warm water for 10 minutes, continue to use normal temperature water bubbles for 6-8h (hours). The treated seeds are placed under conditions of 28-30 to germination.
Sowing the prepared nutrient soil on the seedbed, 10cm thick, pouring the bottom water, after soaking under water, evenly sowing the seeds, covering the nutrient soil 1cm, then spraying the topsoil with a sprayer, then covering the old newspaper layer to maintain the humidity of the seedbed .
The nursery shed is covered with old plastic shading, and the temperature in the shed during the day cannot be higher than 30T:. After the pre-emergence newspaper is dry, the paper is sprinkled with water. After the emergence of the newspaper, the newspaper was uncovered and the surface of the seedbed was white watered. And use 12.5% ​​Aketai water-dispersible granules 10 000 times liquid to control whitefly. When the seedlings are 2-3 pieces of true leaves, the seedlings are divided with nutrients. Seedling age 30 days), planted at 6-7 leaves.
Before planting and planting, combined with land preparation, fully sown 10m3 of fully decomposed cow dung or 5-6m3 of decomposed chicken manure per 667m2, and spray 500-700 times of 50% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate on the ground in the afternoon. Then turn over 30cm and scribe at a distance of 1.4m wide. 200 kg of oil residue, 50 kg of superphosphate, mixed, and then sown under the ridge. According to the ridge width of 70cm, the groove width of 70cm, the ridge height of 15cm, ridges and ridges, and the drip irrigation equipment. When there is no drip irrigation, a 10 cm deep dark irrigation ditch is opened on the ridge surface, and sub-membrane irrigation can be used in the growth period. When planting, it is best to choose sunny day or cloudy day, using double row planting, plant spacing 35cm, planting seedlings while planting water. The soil moisture was then maintained with a 1.4 m wide mulch film. In the early stage of growth, the seedlings can be grown under open conditions for easy management.
2.1.5 Management after planting ¢ 1) Fertilizer water: i After planting, use 50% phoxim 700 times solution to irrigate the roots one time to prevent underground pest damage. After pouring the seedling water, continue to cultivate 2-3 times, and then keep the soil moist or slightly dry. Drought and water shortage should be poured in small water.
When the first ear is expanded, the water and fertilizer supply is increased. In combination with the water per 667 m2, 10-15 kg of diammonium phosphate and 5-10 kg of potassium sulfate are applied. To ensure the growth of the fruit, the top dressing can be applied again. After entering the middle of October, control the watering and strengthen the ventilation to prevent the humidity from causing disease. (2) Temperature and humidity: When the minimum temperature drops below 15T, the shed film is kept warm, and at the end of October, the quilt or straw curtain is ready to prepare for wintering.
The shed temperature is controlled at 25-28T during the day: 15-20T at night: over 30T: ventilation, the temperature drops to 2 (closed air outlet, 15 feet cover quilt insulation. The temperature drops sharply in December, when most fruits will mature During the period, the management is mainly based on heat preservation. Especially when the temperature is greatly reduced in the snowy days, the quilts are exposed early, the dust on the shed surface is cleaned, and the light is increased to prevent freezing damage. (3) Pruning: Small tomato plant adjustment is very important, in the plant iSi When hanging at 30-40cm, use a single dry pruning, leaving only the main axis, remove all side branches, and the side branches should not exceed 3cm to reduce nutrient consumption. Remove the old leaves, diseased leaves and yellow leaves in time. 40-50d before pulling Two leaves are topped above the top ear. The flowering period is 30-40mg/L, and the fruit is sprayed once every 3d. It also strengthens the gray mold, late blight, cotton bollworm, whitefly, and plaque throughout the growing season. Prevention and control of the fly.
2.2 Small watermelon cultivation techniques The nutrient soil was prepared by electric hot bed breeding. Firstly, the seedbed is leveled, and then the electric heating wire is laid at a distance of 10 cm. The edge of the seedbed can be reduced to 8 cmD and the fine soil is covered with a thickness of 5 cm on the electric heating wire. The nutrient soil is 7 parts of the garden soil that has not been planted with melon and vegetables, and 3 parts of fully fermented farmyard manure, 1 kg of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer per m3, and 50% of carbendazim WP 100g. The nursery rafts filled with nutrient soil are neatly discharged on the electric bed.
The germination seeds are placed in 55T warm water and stirred constantly. When the water temperature drops to the normal temperature for 4-6h, it is wrapped in moist cotton cloth and placed in the Chinese melon vegetable Zhongyuan area, the potato, Zheng Junwei, Tian Chaohui, Bi Zhiwei, Xie Chongxin electric blanket. Maintain a temperature of 28-30T: germination.
Id before planting, the nutrition is simmered and permeable, and the greenhouse is heated to close the room. Each seed is germinated with 1 seed, covered with earth, and covered with a layer of mulch to keep warm. Before the emergence of the bed, the bed temperature is 28-30 during the day and 15-20 during the night. The film is released after the emergence of the seedlings, and the bed temperature is reduced to dust on the shed during the day to increase the light to prevent the formation of high seedlings. Generally sunny weather, power off during the day, night power, snow and electricity can be energized in the daytime, cooling seedlings in the late seedlings. Humidity management should be dry and not wet. When the topsoil is whitish, pour small water at noon on sunny days. After watering, strengthen ventilation and reduce humidity. When the seedlings are 30 days old and 4-5 pieces of true leaves are planted, the roots are irrigated with 50% thiophanate-methyl WP 1500 times before planting, and the avermectin 2000 times solution is used to spray the leaf larvae. In order to prevent the pests from bringing people to the field.
After planting the small tomato, the dead leaves and leaves are cleaned in time, and 50% carbendazim WP 500 times solution is added, and 50% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate 800 times solution is sprayed on the ground to eliminate the ground pathogens. When the temperature of 10cm of the plough layer is stable at 10T, the planting is carried out in two rows of sunny days, and the plant spacing is 40cm. In order to avoid the drop of ground temperature, the water is watered 2 times after planting, and the nest is sealed after underwater seepage. No ventilating or watering within 1 week of slow seedling period. After slow seedlings, keep 25-28 during the day and 15-18T at night: more than 30T ventilation. Later, as the temperature rises, the amount of ventilation is gradually increased.
2.2.5 Management after planting (1) Fertilizer and water: After planting, the ditch will be chased at 10-15cm away from the seedlings, and the full-fertilized farmyard manure 2 000-2500kg will be applied every 667m2, and the ditch will be turned deep after 20cm. , watering again to promote the growth of vines. If the soil is dry before flowering, water is poured to promote the flowering result, and no water is poured after flowering. When the diameter of the watermelon is 5-7cm, 10-15kg of diammonium phosphate and 10kg of potassium sulfate are applied per 667m2 of watering, and then sufficient water supply is ensured to stop the watering 10d before harvesting to prevent the quality from falling. (2) Plant adjustment: Double vine pruning is used, the main vine is hoisted with rope, and the side vines grow up. Leave the melon in the 11-12 section of the melon. In general, the first female flower knot is not left, but the second and third female flowers are kept. Artificial pollination can increase the rate of sitting, which is carried out at 8:00-10:00 in the morning when the female flowers are open, once a day until each plant is melon, and the wool of the same color is used for marking every 3 days during the pollination. Pollination date. When the size of the watermelon fist is small, each plant retains a melon with a better shape, and adopts the method of falling vines to drop the watermelon on the ridge surface, and the melon is still hoisted; when the spring potato in the Central Plains is listed, it is: the national market gap The prospect of commercial potato sales is good. If the production is non-polluting, high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation technology, the output of 667m2 can reach 2500kg, and the highest can reach 3500kg, and the economic benefit is extremely remarkable. Through the production survey in recent years, the author grows, or does not drop the vines to hang the melon on the wire to prevent falling. When the melon vines are 28-30 leaves, they are topped. The side branches that are issued later will not be taken. (3) Disease prevention: early prevention. After colonization, 50% thiophanate-methyl WP 1500 times or 50% carbendazim WP 500 times can be continuously irrigated for 2-3 times, which can effectively prevent root disease.
2.2.6 Mature 30 days after harvesting small watermelon flowers. Its skin is thin, high in sugar content, and easy to crack when over cooked. It can be harvested uniformly in the afternoon at the time of maturity by manual marking.
2.3 Small cabbage cultivation techniques (1) After the watermelon is removed, the greenhouse is cleaned and the membrane is removed. Spray 50% phoxim 700 times solution on the ground in the afternoon. According to 3 rows per ridge, the planting distance is 30cm.
It is found that there are many misunderstandings in production, resulting in poor yield and low yield. The misunderstanding and improvement measures of spring potato planting in the Central Plains are summarized as follows: 1 Variety and potato block selection Mistaken growers are cheap, buy seeds blindly regardless of the variety, or even take the externally-regulated commercial potato or diseased potato block as seed potato. The local temperature of more than 251 potato tubers expanded slowly, and stopped expanding when it exceeded 30; while the Central Plains region was suitable for potato growth in spring. The correct way is: use virus-free seed potatoes with short dormancy period, early potato growth, rapid expansion, strong resistance, disease resistance, high yield and high quality (such as Zhengshu No. 5, Zhengshu No. 6, Fei Urui, etc.); It is strictly forbidden to use potato chips with bacterial wilt, ring rot, late blight and black stem disease as seed potatoes.
2 kinds of potato treatment misunderstanding 2.1 warm seed dicing mistakes seed potato squash before germination mistakenly put the seed potato in the sun, cut the buds without buds, cut to the diseased potato is not disinfected, seed potatoes cut long after drying .
The correct operation is: 40d (days) before sowing, put the seed potatoes in the indoors of 12-15 or in the impotence for warm treatment for 7 days to promote the dormancy of the seed potatoes. Cut 35d before sowing, requirements: cut 40-45 pieces per kg of seed, requiring uniform size of the cut pieces; keep at least one bud per piece, the cut should be as close as possible to the bud; the cutter should be fast, thin and clean; When it comes to diseased potatoes, scrub the disinfection knife with 75% alcohol. After cutting the pieces, spread the pieces in a ventilated place, and dry the wounds to collect the germination. Drying for a long time makes it easy for the potato to enter the deep sleep and delay to germinate.
2.2 germination treatment misunderstanding 5-8 kg of ammonium sulfate per 667 m2 hole, mix the fertilizer with the soil inside the hole, and then water the sowing. (2) Strengthen the management of cabbage after emergence, and continuously loosen the soil in the furrow, first deep and shallow. Early seedlings and seedlings. When the soil is dry, it is poured. Generally, 5-7d is poured with 1 small water to cool the seedlings. It is not advisable to flood the water to prevent soft rot. During the rosette period, 667m2 of watering is applied to the human feces and urine 1000-1500kg to ensure the rapid growth of the rosette leaves. During the ball-forming period, the water needs to be large, and the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer can be applied at a distance of 15 cm from the plant, and then the watering amount is increased to meet the demand for fertilizer and water during the filling period. (3) Control pests and diseases in a timely manner. The main diseases are viral diseases and soft rot; the main pests are chickens, cabbage caterpillars, diamond moths, and small tigers. They should be treated with low-toxic and high-efficiency pesticides.
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