(Ministry of Agriculture, Soil Testing and Formulation Fertilization Technology Expert Group)
In order to strengthen the scientific guidance of fertilization in spring crops, the expert group of soil testing and fertilization technology of the Ministry of Agriculture combined with the characteristics of fertilizers for main crops, and based on the results of soil testing and formula fertilization projects, the “Guidelines for Fertilization of Main Crops in Spring 2011†was formulated. The general principle is: all localities should determine the reasonable fertilization amount of different regions and different crops according to local conditions, optimize fertilization period, adopt scientific fertilization method to improve fertilizer utilization rate, encourage more organic fertilizer application, advocate straw returning, improve soil and improve soil comprehensive production. Ability to produce; highlight the characteristics of drought and little rain this spring, and rationally regulate water and fertilizer management, promote water by fertilizer, and improve drought resistance of crops.
I. Guidance on scientific fertilization of winter wheat
(1) Winter wheat in the North China Plain
1. Fertilizer management principle
(1) According to the application of base (base) fertilizer, seedling condition and soil fertility status, the amount of topdressing is scientifically determined, and the seedlings are topdressed due to seedlings.
(2) According to soil moisture and water retention and fertilizer conservation capacity, the amount and time of irrigation should be reasonably determined, and water and fertilizer management should be combined.
(3) Grasp the favorable opportunity of soil thawing in early spring and wheat to green jointing, timely adopting measures to promote and control, promote the transformation of weak seedlings, increase the number of panicles, control the long field, and prevent the late fall.
2. Fertilizer management guidance
(1) Wheat fields with severe drought: For the wheat fields with severe drought, yellow spotted seedlings and dead seedlings, watering and seedlings should be planted immediately after thawing in early spring soil, and 7-10 kg of urea per acre should be applied to promote early seedling growth. After the growth of the greening, it is combined with watering 10-15 kg per acre in the jointing and jointing period.
(2) Before returning to green, the total number of stems per acre is less than 450,000. The three types of wheat fields with lighter leaf color and poor growth should be managed in time for fertilizer and water. Spring topdressing can be carried out twice. For the first time in the greening period, 5-8 kg of urea was applied per acre with watering; the second time was 10-15 kg of urea per acre with watering at the jointing stage.
(3) Before returning to green, the total number of stems per acre is between 45,000 and 600,000. The second group of wheat fields with a small population is 10-15 kg of urea per acre combined with watering in the wheat body. The wheat field with insufficient wheat seedlings can be topdressed and watered in the early stage of the rise to the middle of the body. The suitable wheat field should be topdressed and watered in the late stage.
(4) Before returning to green, the total number of stems per acre is between 60,000 and 800,000. A suitable group of wheat fields can be combined with watering for 12-15 kg per mu in jointing stage.
(5) Before returning to green, the total number of stems per acre is more than 800,000, the leaves are dark green, and the wheat fields with prosperous trend should be rectified by cultivating, reducing the application of nitrogen fertilizer, controlling the group length, preventing lodging and late maturity. Generally, 8-10 kg of urea per acre can be applied in the late stage of jointing.
(6) Dryland wheat fields with no water pouring conditions: It is necessary to combine the pressure and the shovel to improve the drought resistance of the wheat itself. In the early spring, the soil will be returned to the pulp or rain, and 5-7 kg of urea will be applied per acre with fertilizer or ditch. If the rain occurs in the middle and late stages of fertility, 5-10 kg of urea will be applied per mu.
If the phosphate fertilizer is not applied to the base fertilizer or the phosphate deficiency field is to be applied with diammonium phosphate. If there is no irrigation condition or no effective precipitation, the spraying of urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate may be used to fertilize the water. It can also be covered by applying organic fertilizer to play the role of heat preservation, moisture retention and nutrition improvement, and promote water and fertilizer coordination. In areas where conditions permit, trace element fertilizers such as molybdenum, boron and zinc fertilizers may be added.
(2) Dry winter wheat in the northwest
1. Fertilizer management principle
(1) Combine the soil moisture and seedling conditions in different regions, seize the opportunity, and take effective measures to combat drought and flood as soon as possible.
(2) Carry out early spring topdressing and chemical regulation, and promote the combination of control to ensure stable production and increase production of dryland wheat.
2. Fertilizer management guidance
(1) Dry wheat should adopt effective water conservation measures in time to prevent and reduce the loss of soil moisture before the early spring wheat closure. Relieve the soil in time before the soil is thawed and re-greened, remove the dirt, solidify the soil, and provide protection. The suppression should be combined with the slashing. For the dry land that has been overwintered, the water is drained before the thawing and greening, and the knot is removed to eliminate cracks. Before the wheat is sealed, 200-300 kg of wheat or corn stalks per acre can be covered between rows to reduce the ineffective evaporation loss of soil moisture.
(2) In the field where the fertilizer is insufficiently invested, it is necessary to seize the opportunity to carry out the early spring wheat topdressing in due course. Dryland wheat can be used for “topping and topdressing†or combined with rainfall fertilization from the end of February to March 10, 5-7 kg of urea per acre in the nitrogen-deficient field, and diammonium phosphate 7-10 per acre in the phosphate-poor field. Kilograms are applied to the soil using a fertilizer applicator (耧). Dry land with irrigation conditions, combined with spring irrigation, 6-8 kg of urea per acre in the nitrogen-deficient field, and 10-15 kg of diammonium phosphate in the phosphate-poor field.
(3) For the early winter, the long field of the field caused by the high amount of fertilization, it is necessary to promote the combination. For dry land without irrigation conditions, it is necessary to refine the paddy, raise and protect the grain as early as possible; for the dry land where the wintering water is poured, the paddy should be drawn early and the spring watering should be postponed until the late stage of jointing.
(3) Winter wheat in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River
1. Fertilizer management principle
(1) According to the application situation of base fertilizer, seedling condition and soil moisture, scientifically determine the amount of topdressing and irrigation, and fertilize the soil due to fertilization.
(2) Combination of fertilizer and water management and drought resistance.
2. Fertilizer management guidance
(1) Timely spring irrigation. Pay close attention to the weather conditions before the wheat returns to green, especially the rainfall (snow). If the drought persists, the weather will pick up in early spring, the soil evaporation will increase, and the wheat seedlings will need water when there is a demand for soil moisture. Pay attention to temperature changes and master the irrigation amount and time.
(2) Timely remediation of frozen wheat fields in winter. Comprehensive judgment based on winter frost damage and group situation. If there are more large-scale frozen deaths or serious shortages of the group, the irrigation should be combined as soon as possible, and the green fertilizer should be applied to promote the large-scale springs and ensure the number of panicles.
(3) Due to the seedlings due to seedlings. For the late sowing, the amount of straw returned to the field is large, the amount of base fertilizer is insufficient, and the wheat field that has been de-fertilized and yellowed is 5-10 kg per mu in the early spring, and 5-10 kg is applied in the jointing and booting stage. . For the wheat field with the total number of stems and the normal leaf color, the urea can be applied 10-15 kg per mu at the jointing and booting stage.
Second, rice scientific fertilization guidance
(1) Northeast China (Heilongjiang, etc.) cold rice
1. Problem
In some areas of Heilongjiang and other cold regions, the application rate of nitrogen fertilizer is too high, the application period is unreasonable, the proportion of manure is large, and the application of panicle fertilizer is insufficient, resulting in excessive tillering, early premature aging, serious lodging, reduced yield and quality, and low nitrogen utilization rate. .
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Advocating straw returning to the field and paying attention to soil fertility in paddy fields.
(2) Increasing the proportion of nitrogen fertilizer applied to the base fertilizer, so that the nitrogen in the base fertilizer accounts for about 45% of the total nitrogen application rate, reduces the tillering fertilizer, and increases the application rate of the ear fertilizer.
(3) On the acidic soil, it is recommended to select alkaline calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer.
(4) Potassium fertilizer can be preferentially selected for potassium chloride, and the amount of potassium fertilizer can be appropriately reduced in the land where the straw is returned to the field.
(5) According to the soil test results, pay attention to the application of trace elements and silicon-containing fertilizers.
(6) Adopt water-saving irrigation, topdressing “with water and nitrogenâ€, give full play to the coupling effect of water and fertilizer, and improve fertilizer utilization.
3. Fertilization amount and proportion
(1) In the field of rice with a target yield of 500-600 kg/mu, the nitrogen fertilizer of the cold rice (N) is 6-8 kg/mu, the phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) is 3-4 kg/mu, and the potassium fertilizer (K2O) is 3-5 kg. / acre; in the area of ​​zinc deficiency or boron deficiency, 1 to 2 kg of zinc sulfate per acre or 0.5 to 0.75 kg of borax; in the field of acidity in the soil, the appropriate base is applied with silicon-based alkaline fertilizer.
(2) 40% to 45% of nitrogen fertilizer as base fertilizer, 20% to 25% as manure, 30% to 35% as panicle fertilizer; phosphate fertilizer as all base fertilizer; 50% of potassium fertilizer as base fertilizer and 50% as panicle fertilizer.
(2) Double-season early rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River
1. Problem
The main problem of early rice fertilization in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is that the amount of nitrogen fertilizer is too high. The amount of nitrogen fertilizer used in the early stage is too large, and the application of organic fertilizer is less.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Appropriately reduce the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer and increase the proportion of panicle fertilizer.
(2) Deep application of base fertilizer, topdressing "with water with nitrogen".
(3) Phosphate fertilizer is preferred for calcium or calcium magnesium phosphate.
(4) Add organic fertilizer and promote straw returning.
3. Fertilization amount and proportion
(1) Under the condition of 400-450 kg per mu, the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer (N) is 8-11 kg/mu, the phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) is 4-5 kg/mu, and the potassium fertilizer (K2O) is 4-5 kg/mu; In areas with zinc or boron deficiency, apply appropriate amounts of zinc or boron fertilizer; suitable bases apply silicon-containing fertilizers.
(2) 40% to 50% of nitrogen fertilizer as base fertilizer, 25% to 30% as manure, 20% to 25% as panicle fertilizer; phosphate fertilizer as all base fertilizer; 50% to 60% of potassium fertilizer as base fertilizer, 40% to 50% % as the panicle fertilizer.
(3) The amount of base fertilizer can be appropriately reduced by applying organic fertilizer or planting green manure, and the amount of potassium fertilizer can be appropriately reduced in the land where straw is returned to the field.
(3) Mid-season rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River
1. Problem
The main problems in the application of mid-season fertilization in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are: low organic fertilizer consumption; excessive nitrogen fertilizer, excessive application in the early stage; base fertilizer applied after water preparation on the ground.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Add organic fertilizer and combine organic and inorganic.
(2) Control the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer, adjust the proportion of base fertilizer and top dressing, and reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer in the previous period.
(3) Deep application of base fertilizer, topdressing "with water with nitrogen".
(4) Appropriately reduce the amount of phosphorus fertilizer in rice in the oil rice field.
3. Fertilization amount and proportion
(1) In the case of 550-600 kg per mu, the nitrogen fertilizer (N) dosage of japonica rice is 14-16 kg/mu, the nitrogen fertilizer (N) dosage of japonica rice is 10-14 kg/mu, and the phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) is 3.5-5 kg/mu. Potassium fertilizer (K2O) 4.5 ~ 6 kg / mu. The zinc-deficient soil is applied with 1 kg of zinc sulfate per acre; suitable base is applied with silicon fertilizer.
(2) Nitrogen fertilizer base fertilizer accounts for 40% to 50%, manure fertilizer accounts for 20% to 30%, panicle fertilizer accounts for 20% to 30%; organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer are all applied; potassium fertilizer base fertilizer (60% to 70%) and Spike fertilizer (30% to 40%) was applied twice.
(3) The amount of base fertilizer can be appropriately reduced by applying organic fertilizer or planting green manure.
(4) Mid-season rice in the southwestern region
1. Problem
The main problems in the fertilization of mid-season rice in the southwestern region are: the amount of organic fertilizer is small; the period of nitrogen fertilizer allocation is unreasonable, and the application in the early stage is too much; the base fertilizer is applied after the water is applied to the ground; most of the soil is acidified.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Add organic fertilizer and combine organic and inorganic.
(2) Adjust the ratio of base fertilizer to top dressing and reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer used in the previous period.
(3) Deep application of base fertilizer, topdressing "with water with nitrogen".
(4) Appropriately reduce the amount of phosphorus fertilizer in rice in the oil rice field.
(5) Select medium and low concentration phosphate fertilizers, such as calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and calcium, etc.; potassium fertilizer to choose potassium chloride.
(6) In a field with a soil pH of 5.5 or less, a silicon-containing alkaline fertilizer or a base-based quicklime is suitably applied.
3. Fertilization amount and proportion
(1) In the case of 550-600 kg per mu, the nitrogen fertilizer (N) dosage of japonica rice is 9-12 kg/mu, the nitrogen fertilizer (N) dosage of japonica rice is 8-11 kg/mu, and the phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) is 3.5-5 kg/mu. Potassium fertilizer (K2O) 3.5 ~ 5 kg / mu.
(2) Nitrogen fertilizer base fertilizer accounts for 35% to 55%, manure fertilizer accounts for 20% to 30%, panicle fertilizer accounts for 25% to 35%; organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer are all applied; potassium fertilizer base fertilizer (60% to 70%) and Spike fertilizer (30% to 40%) was applied twice.
(3) In the zinc-deficient and boron-deficient areas, apply appropriate amount of zinc fertilizer and boron fertilizer; apply 30-50 kg of siliceous alkaline fertilizer or quicklime per acre in the soil with strong acidity.
(5) South China double season early rice
1. Problem
The main problems of fertilization in double-season early rice in South China: excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer, excessive application in the early stage; most soil acidification is serious.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Control the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer, adjust the base and the proportion of chasing, reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer in the early stage, and implement the shift of nitrogen fertilizer.
(2) Deep application of base fertilizer, topdressing "with water with nitrogen".
(3) Appropriate application of silicon-containing alkaline fertilizer or quicklime in fields where the soil is acidified.
3. Fertilization amount and proportion
(1) In the case of 400-450 kg per mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) is recommended to be 9 to 10 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) is 2 to 3 kg/mu; potassium fertilizer (K2O) is 5 to 7 kg/mu; Zinc sulfate should be properly applied to zinc soil.
(2) Nitrogen application in divided applications, base fertilizer accounts for 30% to 35%, tiller fertilizer accounts for 30% to 35%, panicle fertilizer accounts for 30% to 40%, organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer are all applied, and potassium fertilizer is used as base fertilizer and manure (each 50%) two applications.
(3) The amount of base fertilizer can be appropriately reduced in the field where organic fertilizer is applied; in the plot where the straw is returned to the field, the amount of potassium fertilizer can be appropriately reduced by 30%.
(4) Apply about 50 kg of siliceous alkaline fertilizer or quicklime per acre in the soil with strong acidity.
Third, Northeast spring corn scientific fertilization guidance
1. Problem
The main fertilization problems in the current northeast spring maize production include: First, the nitrogen fertilizer has a large area for one-time fertilization, and in some areas, it is easy to cause pre-burning and post-fertilization. Second, the application period and mode of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were unreasonable, and the effect of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer was not fully exerted. Third, the application amount of organic fertilizer is small, and the proportion of straw returning to the field is low. Fourth, the planting density is low, and the number of seedlings is insufficient, which affects the application effect of fertilizer. Fifth, the soil layer is too shallow, affecting the development of the root system, and easy to fall and fall.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Nitrogen application in divided doses, diammonium phosphate as seed (mouth) fertilizer, appropriate reduction of the amount of base fertilizer, and full use of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer aftereffect.
(2) Plots with high effective potassium content and low yield levels may be applied with or without potassium fertilizer when organic fertilizer is applied.
(3) Pay attention to the application of zinc fertilizer in soil with high pH, ​​high yield and zinc-deficient soil.
(4) Increase the amount of organic fertilizer and increase the strength of straw returning to the field.
(5) Promote the application of high-yield and high-dense varieties, appropriately increase the planting density of corn, increase the yield of corn, and give full play to the effect of fertilizer.
(6) Deep pine breaks the bottom layer of the plow, promotes root development and improves water and fertilizer use efficiency.
3. Fertilization amount and proportion
According to the results of soil testing and formula fertilization, the classification guidance for corn fertilization with different yield levels is proposed:
(1) The output level is below 500 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 10～12 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4～5 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 0～3 kg/mu.
(2) The production level is 500-650 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 12～14 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4～6 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 3～5 kg/mu.
(3) The production level is above 650 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 14-16 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4-6 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 4-5 kg/mu.
If the base fertilizer is applied with organic fertilizer, the amount of chemical fertilizer can be reduced as appropriate. In fields with rich phosphorus, appropriate application of trace element zinc and iron fertilizer should be applied.
Fourth, rapeseed scientific fertilization guidance
(1) Winter rape in the Yangtze River Basin
1. Problem
The amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in rapeseed production in the Yangtze River Basin is generally low, the proportion of nutrients is not coordinated, the application of organic fertilizer is insufficient, the rate of returning straw is low, and the shortage of trace elements such as boron occurs.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Add organic fertilizer, promote organic and inorganic cooperation and returning straw to the field.
(2) Supplementing boron fertilizer according to the effective boron status of the soil.
(3) Appropriately reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer application and increase the proportion of moss fertilizer.
(4) Fertilizer application should be combined with other high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques.
3. Fertilization amount and proportion
(1) The production level is above 200 kg/mu: timely application of manure, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 3 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 3 kg/mu. The base fertilizer has no field for applying boron fertilizer. In the early stage of convulsion to flowering, the surface of the leaf is sprayed with 1.0 kg/mu of borax.
(2) Production level 100-200 kg/mu: timely application of manure, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 2.5 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 2 kg/mu. The base fertilizer has no field for applying boron fertilizer. In the early stage of convulsion to flowering, the lob sand sprayed with 0.75 kg/mu.
(3) The production level is below 100 kg/mu: timely application of manure, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 2 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 1 kg/mu. The base fertilizer has no field for applying boron fertilizer. In the early stage of convulsion to flowering, the surface of the leaf is sprayed with 0.5 kg/mu of borax.
If the base fertilizer is applied with organic fertilizer, the amount of topdressing can be reduced as appropriate. For sulfur-deficient fields, ammonium sulfate should be selected for topdressing varieties.
(2) Northern Spring Rapeseed
1. Problem
The main problems in the fertilization of spring rapeseed in the north are: one-time fertilization is common, and obvious de-fertilization in the later stage; partial application of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers, little application of organic fertilizer and straw returning to the field; affected by lyrics, the quality of sowing is not high, and the density is not enough.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Increase the application of organic fertilizers and promote the cultivation of green manure in recreational areas.
(2) Promote the separate application of nitrogen fertilizer.
(3) Replenishing boron fertilizer, zinc fertilizer and sulfur fertilizer.
(4) Improve the quality of planting, do a good job of ensuring the planting, and appropriately increase the planting density.
3. Fertilization amount and proportion
(1) The production level is above 150 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 8 kg/mu; phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 5 kg/mu; potassium fertilizer (K2O) 2.5 kg/mu; zinc sulfate 1.5 kg/mu.
(2) Production level 100-150 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 6-8 kg/mu; phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4 kg/mu; potassium fertilizer (K2O) 2.5 kg/mu; zinc sulfate 1 kg/mu.
(3) The production level is below 100kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) dosage 6 kg/mu; phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 3 kg/mu; potassium fertilizer (K2O) 2 kg/mu; zinc sulfate 0.5 kg/mu.
Nitrogen fertilizer base and topdressing are 50% each, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are all used as base fertilizer. In addition, it is recommended to dress with 0.1-0.2 kg/mu of boron fertilizer before planting; ammonium sulfate should be used for nitrogen fertilizer.
V. Northeast soybean science fertilization guidance
1. Problem
In the spring soybean production in Northeast China, the application period and mode of fertilizer are unreasonable, the application amount of organic fertilizer is less, and the proportion of straw returning to the field is lower, resulting in low fertilizer efficiency.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) According to the soil test results, the proportion of phosphate fertilizer should be appropriately reduced. For high-yield soybeans, the amount of fertilizer can be appropriately increased, and the nitrogen fertilizer should be moved backwards;
(2) On the acidic soil, it is recommended to select calcium, magnesium and phosphate fertilizers;
(3) Advocate stratified fertilization, the depth of fertilization is 1/3 of 3~4cm below the seed, and 2/3 of 6~8cm; when it is difficult to achieve stratified fertilization, shallow fertilization is adopted in the high-cold organic matter in the north. In other areas, deep fertilization is adopted, especially the phosphate fertilizer should be concentrated and applied to the planting 10cm;
(4) Supplementing boron fertilizer and molybdenum fertilizer, in the area with less symptoms, it is possible to adopt micro-fertilizer seed dressing method, and it is best to mix seed dressing with rhizobium agent to improve the efficiency of tumor-bearing;
(5) Strengthen the matching of fertilization and cultivation techniques.
3. Fertilization amount and proportion
According to the nutrient demand of soybean, the application ratio of N-P2O5-K2O is 1:1.2:0.3-0.5 in high-fertility soil; the amount of nitrogen and potassium can be increased in low-fertility soil, and the ratio of NPK is 1:1. :0.3-0.5.
(1) The target yield of soybean is 130-150 kg/mu, and the total amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium pure nutrients in the high and low fertility fields is 4-6 kg/mu and 6-8 kg/mu, respectively.
(2) The target yield is 150-175 kg/mu, and the total amount of pure nutrients in the high and low fertility fields is 7-9 kg/mu and 8-10 kg/mu, respectively.
(3) The target yield is 175-200 kg/mu, and the ratio of NPK (N-P2O5-K2O) is 1:1.2:0.4-0.6 in high-fertility soil.
(4) The amount of nitrogen and potassium can be appropriately increased in low-fertility soil, and the ratio of application of NPK is 1:1:0.4-0.6. The total amount of pure nutrients in the high and low fertility fields is 9-12 kg/mu and 11-14 kg/mu.
Sixth, cotton scientific fertilization guidance
(1) Cotton in the Huanghuaihai area
1. Problem
The amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer in the Huanghuai sponge area is generally high, and the effect of increasing fertilizer production is declining, while the application of organic fertilizer is insufficient, and the deficiency of trace elements boron and zinc occurs.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Adding organic fertilizer and promoting organic and inorganic cooperation;
(2) According to the soil fertility conditions, appropriately reduce the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, apply potassium fertilizer efficiently, and pay attention to the combined application of boron and zinc;
(3) Applying nitrogen fertilizer in stages, and appropriately increasing the proportion of nitrogen fertilizer applied in the middle of the growing period;
(4) Fertilizer application should be combined with high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques.
3. Fertilization amount and proportion
Under the condition of 70-90 kilograms of lint per mu, the total amount of fertilization is: 2000 kg of high-quality organic fertilizer, 11 to 13 kg of nitrogen fertilizer (N), 5 to 7 kg of phosphate fertilizer (P2O5), and 5 to 7 kg of potassium fertilizer (K2O). kg. For cotton fields lacking boron and zinc, pay attention to the application of boron and zinc fertilizer.
35% to 40% of nitrogen fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, 35% to 40% is used in the initial flowering period, 15% to 20% is used in the flowering period; all the phosphate fertilizer is used as the base fertilizer; all the potassium fertilizer is used as the base fertilizer or the base chase (the initial flowering period). half. Starting from the flowering period, the cotton field with weak growth will be sprayed with 0.5%-1.0% urea and 0.3%-0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution 50-75 kg/time, and sprayed every 7-10 days. Spray continuously for 2 to 3 times.
(2) Cotton in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River
1. Problem
The amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer in the cotton area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is high, and the application of organic fertilizer is insufficient. Some soils such as potassium, boron and zinc are lacking.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Adding organic fertilizer and promoting the combination of organic and inorganic;
(2) According to the soil fertility status and fertilizer efficiency response, appropriately reduce the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and stabilize the amount of potassium fertilizer;
(3) The cotton field with obvious deficiency of boron and zinc in the soil should be applied with boron fertilizer and zinc fertilizer; the potential lack of attention should be paid to the application of boron and zinc fertilizer outside the root;
(4) For the nursery and transplanting cotton field, the phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be applied centrally by means of acupoint application or strip application;
(5) Combining fertilization with high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques.
3. Fertilization advice
(1) Under the condition of 90-110 kilograms of lint per mu, the total amount of fertilization is: 2000 kg of high-quality organic fertilizer, 16-18 kg of nitrogen fertilizer (N), 4-6 kg of phosphate fertilizer (P2O5), and potassium fertilizer (K2O). 8 to 10 kg. For cotton fields lacking boron and zinc, pay attention to the application of borax 1.0 kg/mu and zinc sulfate 1.5 kg/mu.
(2) 25%-30% of nitrogen fertilizer is used as base application, 25%-30% is used as top dressing in early flowering stage, 25%-30% is used as top dressing in full bloom period, 15%-20% is used as top dressing in boll season; As a base application; 60% of potash is used as a base and 40% is used as a top dressing. From the flowering period to the weaker cotton field, spray 0.5%-1.0% urea and 0.3%-0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution 50-75 kg / time, spray every 7-10 days, continuous spraying 2 -3 times.
(3) Xinjiang Cotton
1. Problem
The amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer in the cotton field of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps is relatively high, while the application of nitrogen and phosphorus in local cotton fields is not coordinated, and the application of organic fertilizer is insufficient.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) According to the soil fertility status and fertilizer effect, appropriately adjust the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, increase the proportion of mid-fertility application, and rationally apply phosphorus and potassium fertilizer;
(2) Make full use of local organic fertilizer resources, increase the application of organic fertilizer, and pay attention to the return of cotton stalks to the fields;
(4) Combining fertilization with high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques, especially the integrated regulation of water and fertilizer.
3. Fertilization amount and proportion
(1) Under the condition of 120-150 kg of lint per mu, the total amount of fertilization is: 50-75 kg of cotton seed cake, 14-18 kg of nitrogen fertilizer (N), 7-8 kg of phosphate fertilizer (P2O5), potash fertilizer ( K2O) 0 to 3 kg. Under the condition of 150-180 kilograms of lint per mu, the total amount of fertilization is: 75-100 kg of cotton seed cake, 18-22 kg of nitrogen fertilizer (N), 8-10 kg of phosphate fertilizer (P2O5), and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 0~ 5 kg, under the film drip irrigation cotton field to reduce the amount of fertilizer. For cotton fields lacking boron and zinc, pay attention to the application of boron and zinc fertilizer.
(2) 45% to 50% of the nitrogen fertilizer in the ground-filled cotton field is used as the base application, and 50% to 55% is used as the top dressing. 30% of the nitrogen fertilizer is used in the initial flowering period, and 20% to 25% of the nitrogen fertilizer is used in the flowering period. All phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are used as base. 25% to 30% of nitrogen fertilizer is used as a base fertilizer, 70% to 75% of nitrogen fertilizer is used as top dressing, 70% to 80% of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is used as base, and the remaining is used as top dressing, according to the growth of cotton Application, the frequency of fertilization with water is generally 9 to 10 times, and the amount of fertilizer per time does not exceed 2 kg/mu (pure nutrient content). The use of special fertilizer for drip irrigation should pay attention to the ratio of nutrient distribution and avoid the application of fertilizers with high phosphorus and potassium content.
VII, fruit tree science fertilization guidance
(a) Apple
1. Problem
The main fertilization problems in the main apple producing areas include: (1) the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer in the intensive orchard is generally high, the amount and proportion of nitrogen fertilizer applied in the fruit expansion period in spring and summer is too large, and the efficiency of fertilizer production is decreased; (2) non-intensive orchard, In the orchard or economically underdeveloped areas, the amount of organic fertilizer input is insufficient, the orchard soil is poor, and the water retention and fertilizer retention capacity is poor; (3) The soil acidification of the non-calcium soil old orchard is common, and the medium and trace elements calcium, magnesium, sulfur, zinc and Boron deficiency occurs when it occurs.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Adding organic fertilizer and promoting organic and inorganic application; adjusting the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer according to soil fertility conditions and yield level; paying attention to the combined application of calcium, magnesium, boron and zinc;
(2) Combining with high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques, applying NPK fertilizers according to tree potential and tree age;
(3) Orchards in which soil acidification occurs can be improved by applying silicon fertilizer and slaked lime.
3. Fertilization amount and proportion
(1) Orchard with an output of more than 4,500 kg: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 25-40 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 10-15 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 20-30 kg/mu; per mu yield 3500-4500 kg orchard : Nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20 ~ 30 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8 ~ 12 kg / mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 15 ~ 25 kg / mu; per mu 3500 kg below orchard: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15 ~ 25 kg / Mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 6 ~ 10 kg / mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 15 ~ 20 kg / mu.
(2) Early maturing varieties, or soil fertile, or small age, or strong tree orchard, applying organic fertilizer 2~3 square/mu; late-maturing varieties, thin soil, large age, weak tree orchard, organic fertilizer 3~4 Square/mu, chemical fertilizer is divided into 2~3 times application (late mature variety 3 times), the first time in mid-March, NPK combined application; the second time in mid-June, NPK combined application, increase potassium fertilizer dosage; For the third time, from late July to mid-August, potassium was used as the main fertilizer, with a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer.
(3) Orchards in which the soil is deficient in zinc, boron and calcium but not fertilized in autumn, apply 1 to 1.5 kg of zinc sulfate per acre, 0.5 to 1.0 kg of borax, 30 to 50 kg of calcium nitrate, and mix with organic fertilizer in early spring; Sulfur orchards should choose sulfur-containing fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, potassium sulfate, superphosphate, etc., and sulfur can also be applied as appropriate.
(two) peach
1. Problem
The amount of fertilizer used in peach orchard is quite different. The amount of fertilizer, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, the period and method of fertilization are unreasonable, and the coordination effect of fertilization and irrigation is neglected.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Strengthen the proportion of organic fertilizer application, rationally regulate the application level of NPK fertilizers according to soil fertility, early, late maturing varieties and yield levels, and pay attention to the combined application of calcium, magnesium, boron and zinc;
(2) There should be differences in the spring topdressing period of different varieties. The early maturing varieties are earlier than the late maturing varieties, and the number of top dressings is small;
(3) Combined with high-quality cultivation techniques, it is necessary to pay attention to the combination of ridge, film or orchard grass technology in the plain areas where summer damage should occur; the use of surface covering and hole storage and fertilizer technology is advocated in arid areas.
3. Fertilization amount and proportion
(1) Application amount of organic fertilizer: early-maturing varieties, or soil fertile, or small-aged trees, or tree-potential orchards, applying organic fertilizers of 1 to 2 square meters/mu; late-maturing varieties, thin soils, large trees, and weak trees Organic fertilizer 2 to 3 square meters / mu;
(2) Fertilizer application amount: j: 3000 kg/mu of Taoyuan: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 18-20 kg N/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 10-12 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 20-23 kg/mu ; k production level 2000 kg / mu of Taoyuan: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15 ~ 18 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 7 ~ 10 kg / mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 17 ~ 20 kg / mu; l production level 1500 kg / Mu of peach orchard: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 10 ~ 12 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 5 ~ 8 kg / mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 12 ~ 15 kg / mu;
(3) Fertilization method: All organic fertilizers are applied as base fertilizer after thawing in autumn or spring, and applied by ditching soil application method. 50% of phosphate and potassium fertilizers and 40% of nitrogen fertilizer together with organic fertilizer application, the rest of NPK fertilizers are applied according to nutrient requirements during growth period; fertilizer application is generally in peach germination stage (early March), hard core period (5 In the middle of the month) and the fruit expansion period, 2-3 times of topdressing (2 early maturing varieties, 3 late maturing varieties);
(4) For the orchards with early defoliation or excessive load in the early years, the top dressing should be strengthened. Before the germination, 2 to 3 times of urea can be sprayed 2 to 3 times, and after germination until 7 mid-July, every 7 days. Second, according to the ratio of urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate twice, the concentration is 0.3-0.5%;
(5) If the amount of organic fertilizer applied is large, the nitrogen and potassium fertilizers applied in the autumn may be reduced by 1-2 kg/mu as appropriate.
(three) citrus
1. Problem
At present, the main problems of citrus fertilization are: (1) neglecting the application of organic fertilizer and soil improvement and fertilization, soil acidification is serious, and the area of ​​thin orchard is large; (2) the amount of fertilizer used by farmers is large, the amount of fertilizer, NPK The ratio, fertilization period and method are unreasonable; (3) the lack of trace elements in calcium, magnesium, boron and zinc is common; (4) serious soil erosion and low fertilizer utilization.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Pay attention to the application of organic fertilizers, vigorously develop green manure in orchards, and implement orchard coverage;
(2) Orchard with severe acidification, apply appropriate amount of lime;
(3) According to the soil fertility status of citrus varieties and orchards, optimize the amount of NPK fertilizer, fertilization period and distribution ratio, and supplement the medium and trace elements such as calcium, magnesium, sulphur, boron and zinc;
(4) Fertilization method is changed to the whole garden for application as a concentrated point or ditch;
(5) Fertilization combined with water management and high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques, and rainy or combined fertigation should be carried out during dry seasons, especially during spring drought.
3. Fertilization amount and proportion
(1) Fertilization amount: j-acre more than 3,000 kg orchard, organic fertilizer 2-4 square/mu; nitrogen fertilizer (N) 25-35 kg/mu; phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-12 kg/mu; potassium fertilizer (K2O) 20 -30 kg / mu; k acres of 1500-3000 kg of orchard, organic fertilizer 2-4 square / acre; nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20-30 kg / acre; phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-10 kg / acre; potassium fertilizer (K2O) 15-25 kg/mu; 1 mu of orchard under 1500 kg, organic fertilizer 2-3 square/mu; nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15-25 kg/mu; phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 6-8 kg/mu; potash fertilizer (K2O) 10-20 kg/mu;
(2) Orchard lacking boron and zinc, applying borax 0.5-0.75kg per acre, 1-1.5kg zinc sulfate, mixed with organic fertilizer and used in autumn; orchard with pH<5.5, applying lime or dolomite powder per acre 60 ~80kg, 50% applied in autumn, 50% in summer;
(3) Fertilization method: spring fertilization (germination fertilizer or pre-flowering fertilizer): 30% to 40% of nitrogen fertilizer, 30% to 40% of phosphate fertilizer, 20% to 30% of potassium fertilizer applied in gully soil before germination in February and March . For fruit trees with weak tree potential, foliar fertilization was carried out with 0.3% urea + 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate in the flower bud stage and young fruit stage; 0.1% to 0.2% borax solution was used in the boron deficiency orchard in the young fruit stage. Spray once every 10 to 15 days, continuously spraying 2-3 times; the zinc-deficient orchard is sprayed with 0.1% to 0.2% zinc sulfate solution at the young fruit stage. Summer fertilization (strong fruit fertilizer): 30-40% nitrogen fertilizer, 20% to 30% phosphate fertilizer, 40-50% potassium fertilizer applied in June-July. Fertilization in autumn and winter (harvesting fruit fertilizer): 20% to 30% of nitrogen fertilizer, 40-50% of phosphate fertilizer, 20% to 30% of potassium fertilizer, all organic fertilizer, boron and zinc are applied before and after fruit harvest from November to December. Sulphur-deficient orchards should choose sulfur-containing fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, potassium sulfate, superphosphate, etc., and sulfur can also be applied as appropriate.
Eight, vegetable science fertilization guidance
(1) Cabbage
1. Problem
The main problems in the current application of sweet potato cabbage are as follows: (1) The application amount of organic fertilizer in different fields is quite different, the phenomenon of blind application of nitrogen fertilizer is serious, the application rate of potassium fertilizer is insufficient, the application period and mode are unreasonable; (2) There is a large amount of fertilization. The phenomenon of elements, light and medium elements affects product quality; (3) the problem of excessive water and fertilizer caused by excessive irrigation is generally low in nitrogen utilization.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Rational application of organic fertilizer, organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer; application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should follow the principles of nitrogen control, phosphorus stabilization and potassium increase;
(2) The distribution of fertilizers is based on base and chasing; the topdressing is mainly based on nitrogen fertilizer, and the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are rationally coordinated; pay attention to the appropriate supplement of calcium and boron in the period from rosette to late stage to prevent “dry heart†And other diseases.
(3) Combine with high-yield cultivation techniques, especially water-saving irrigation technology, to give full play to the coupling effect of water and fertilizer and improve fertilizer utilization.
3. Fertilization amount and proportion
(1) Applying high-quality farmyard manure 2 square meters per mu.
(2) The production level is greater than 6500 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) is 18-20 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) is 10-12 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) is 14-16 kg/mu. The production level is 5,500-6,500 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) is 15-18 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) is 6-10 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) is 12-14 kg/mu. The production level is 4500-5500 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) is 13-15 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) is 4-6 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) is 8-10 kg/mu. Nitrogen and potassium fertilizer 30% to 40% base application, 60% to 70% in the rosette stage and the initial stage of ball formation, the phosphate fertilizer is used as the base fertilizer or hole application;
(3) For the plots where the "dry heartburn" occurred in previous years, pay attention to nitrogen and calcium supplementation, and spray 0.3% to 0.5% CaCl2 solution from the rosette to the late stage of the ball for 2 to 3 times; For the plot, 0.5 to 1 kg/mu of borax may be applied, or 0.2% to 0.3% of borax solution may be sprayed 2 to 3 times. At the same time, it can be sprayed with spraying 2 to 3 times of 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate to increase the vegetable yield and commercial rate of cabbage.
(2) Facility tomato
1. Problem
Most of the central and southwestern regions are small and medium-sized arch sheds, and most of the northern regions such as North China are solar greenhouses. The main fertilization problems are as follows: (1) excessive fertilization is common, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers are used at a high level, and soil nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient accumulation is obvious; (2) The proportion of nutrient input is unreasonable, and there are obstacles in the supply of elements such as calcium, magnesium and boron in non-calcium soil; (3) excessive nutrient loss caused by excessive irrigation; (4) severe deterioration of soil quality due to continuous cropping obstacles, decreased nutrient absorption efficiency, and vegetable quality decline.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Rational application of organic fertilizer, reduction of the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, application of potassium fertilizer, non-calcium soil and acidic soils should be supplemented with trace elements such as calcium, magnesium and boron;
(2) According to crop yield, sorghum and soil fertility conditions, rational allocation of chemical fertilizers, most of the phosphorus fertilizer application, nitrogen and potassium fertilizers; early spring growth should not be frequent top dressing, pay attention to post-flowering and late-stage topdressing;
(3) Combine with high-yield cultivation techniques and adopt the principle of “small number of times†to rationally fertilize and fertilize;
(4) The old shed with soil degradation needs to return to the field or apply high organic fertilizer with high C/N ratio, reduce the amount of fertilized manure, increase the number of rotations, and achieve the purpose of desalting and reducing continuous cropping obstacles.
3. Fertilization amount and proportion
(1) The seedling fertilizer is added with decomposed organic fertilizer, supplemented with phosphate fertilizer, 60~100 kg of decomposed poultry manure per 0.5m2 seedbed, 0.5~1kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, 0.5kg of potassium sulfate, 0.5%~0.1 according to the condition of the seedling % urea solution 1-2 times.
(2) Applying high-quality organic fertilizer 2 to 3 square meters/mu.
(3) The production level is 4000-6000 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15-20 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-10 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 20-25 kg/mu; production level 6000-8000 Kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20-30 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 10-15 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 30-35 kg/mu; production level 8000-10000 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 30 ~ 38 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 15 ~ 20 kg / mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 35 ~ 40 kg / mu. More than 70% of the phosphate fertilizer is used as the base fertilizer strip (point), and the rest is applied with 20%~30% nitrogen and potassium fertilizer base application, 70%~80% after the flowering to the ear expansion period, 3-10 times with the water. , each time the application of nitrogen fertilizer does not exceed 5-7 kg N / mu;
(4) When the pH of the vegetable field is less than 6, the calcium, magnesium and boron are easily deficient, and the calcium fertilizer (Ca) can be 50-75 kg/mu, and the magnesium fertilizer (Mg) is 4-6 kg/mu. 2-3 times of 0.1% concentration of boron fertilizer.
In order to strengthen the scientific guidance of fertilization in spring crops, the expert group of soil testing and fertilization technology of the Ministry of Agriculture combined with the characteristics of fertilizers for main crops, and based on the results of soil testing and formula fertilization projects, the “Guidelines for Fertilization of Main Crops in Spring 2011†was formulated. The general principle is: all localities should determine the reasonable fertilization amount of different regions and different crops according to local conditions, optimize fertilization period, adopt scientific fertilization method to improve fertilizer utilization rate, encourage more organic fertilizer application, advocate straw returning, improve soil and improve soil comprehensive production. Ability to produce; highlight the characteristics of drought and little rain this spring, and rationally regulate water and fertilizer management, promote water by fertilizer, and improve drought resistance of crops.
I. Guidance on scientific fertilization of winter wheat
(1) Winter wheat in the North China Plain
1. Fertilizer management principle
(1) According to the application of base (base) fertilizer, seedling condition and soil fertility status, the amount of topdressing is scientifically determined, and the seedlings are topdressed due to seedlings.
(2) According to soil moisture and water retention and fertilizer conservation capacity, the amount and time of irrigation should be reasonably determined, and water and fertilizer management should be combined.
(3) Grasp the favorable opportunity of soil thawing in early spring and wheat to green jointing, timely adopting measures to promote and control, promote the transformation of weak seedlings, increase the number of panicles, control the long field, and prevent the late fall.
2. Fertilizer management guidance
(1) Wheat fields with severe drought: For the wheat fields with severe drought, yellow spotted seedlings and dead seedlings, watering and seedlings should be planted immediately after thawing in early spring soil, and 7-10 kg of urea per acre should be applied to promote early seedling growth. After the growth of the greening, it is combined with watering 10-15 kg per acre in the jointing and jointing period.
(2) Before returning to green, the total number of stems per acre is less than 450,000. The three types of wheat fields with lighter leaf color and poor growth should be managed in time for fertilizer and water. Spring topdressing can be carried out twice. For the first time in the greening period, 5-8 kg of urea was applied per acre with watering; the second time was 10-15 kg of urea per acre with watering at the jointing stage.
(3) Before returning to green, the total number of stems per acre is between 45,000 and 600,000. The second group of wheat fields with a small population is 10-15 kg of urea per acre combined with watering in the wheat body. The wheat field with insufficient wheat seedlings can be topdressed and watered in the early stage of the rise to the middle of the body. The suitable wheat field should be topdressed and watered in the late stage.
(4) Before returning to green, the total number of stems per acre is between 60,000 and 800,000. A suitable group of wheat fields can be combined with watering for 12-15 kg per mu in jointing stage.
(5) Before returning to green, the total number of stems per acre is more than 800,000, the leaves are dark green, and the wheat fields with prosperous trend should be rectified by cultivating, reducing the application of nitrogen fertilizer, controlling the group length, preventing lodging and late maturity. Generally, 8-10 kg of urea per acre can be applied in the late stage of jointing.
(6) Dryland wheat fields with no water pouring conditions: It is necessary to combine the pressure and the shovel to improve the drought resistance of the wheat itself. In the early spring, the soil will be returned to the pulp or rain, and 5-7 kg of urea will be applied per acre with fertilizer or ditch. If the rain occurs in the middle and late stages of fertility, 5-10 kg of urea will be applied per mu.
If the phosphate fertilizer is not applied to the base fertilizer or the phosphate deficiency field is to be applied with diammonium phosphate. If there is no irrigation condition or no effective precipitation, the spraying of urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate may be used to fertilize the water. It can also be covered by applying organic fertilizer to play the role of heat preservation, moisture retention and nutrition improvement, and promote water and fertilizer coordination. In areas where conditions permit, trace element fertilizers such as molybdenum, boron and zinc fertilizers may be added.
(2) Dry winter wheat in the northwest
1. Fertilizer management principle
(1) Combine the soil moisture and seedling conditions in different regions, seize the opportunity, and take effective measures to combat drought and flood as soon as possible.
(2) Carry out early spring topdressing and chemical regulation, and promote the combination of control to ensure stable production and increase production of dryland wheat.
2. Fertilizer management guidance
(1) Dry wheat should adopt effective water conservation measures in time to prevent and reduce the loss of soil moisture before the early spring wheat closure. Relieve the soil in time before the soil is thawed and re-greened, remove the dirt, solidify the soil, and provide protection. The suppression should be combined with the slashing. For the dry land that has been overwintered, the water is drained before the thawing and greening, and the knot is removed to eliminate cracks. Before the wheat is sealed, 200-300 kg of wheat or corn stalks per acre can be covered between rows to reduce the ineffective evaporation loss of soil moisture.
(2) In the field where the fertilizer is insufficiently invested, it is necessary to seize the opportunity to carry out the early spring wheat topdressing in due course. Dryland wheat can be used for “topping and topdressing†or combined with rainfall fertilization from the end of February to March 10, 5-7 kg of urea per acre in the nitrogen-deficient field, and diammonium phosphate 7-10 per acre in the phosphate-poor field. Kilograms are applied to the soil using a fertilizer applicator (耧). Dry land with irrigation conditions, combined with spring irrigation, 6-8 kg of urea per acre in the nitrogen-deficient field, and 10-15 kg of diammonium phosphate in the phosphate-poor field.
(3) For the early winter, the long field of the field caused by the high amount of fertilization, it is necessary to promote the combination. For dry land without irrigation conditions, it is necessary to refine the paddy, raise and protect the grain as early as possible; for the dry land where the wintering water is poured, the paddy should be drawn early and the spring watering should be postponed until the late stage of jointing.
(3) Winter wheat in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River
1. Fertilizer management principle
(1) According to the application situation of base fertilizer, seedling condition and soil moisture, scientifically determine the amount of topdressing and irrigation, and fertilize the soil due to fertilization.
(2) Combination of fertilizer and water management and drought resistance.
2. Fertilizer management guidance
(1) Timely spring irrigation. Pay close attention to the weather conditions before the wheat returns to green, especially the rainfall (snow). If the drought persists, the weather will pick up in early spring, the soil evaporation will increase, and the wheat seedlings will need water when there is a demand for soil moisture. Pay attention to temperature changes and master the irrigation amount and time.
(2) Timely remediation of frozen wheat fields in winter. Comprehensive judgment based on winter frost damage and group situation. If there are more large-scale frozen deaths or serious shortages of the group, the irrigation should be combined as soon as possible, and the green fertilizer should be applied to promote the large-scale springs and ensure the number of panicles.
(3) Due to the seedlings due to seedlings. For the late sowing, the amount of straw returned to the field is large, the amount of base fertilizer is insufficient, and the wheat field that has been de-fertilized and yellowed is 5-10 kg per mu in the early spring, and 5-10 kg is applied in the jointing and booting stage. . For the wheat field with the total number of stems and the normal leaf color, the urea can be applied 10-15 kg per mu at the jointing and booting stage.
Second, rice scientific fertilization guidance
(1) Northeast China (Heilongjiang, etc.) cold rice
1. Problem
In some areas of Heilongjiang and other cold regions, the application rate of nitrogen fertilizer is too high, the application period is unreasonable, the proportion of manure is large, and the application of panicle fertilizer is insufficient, resulting in excessive tillering, early premature aging, serious lodging, reduced yield and quality, and low nitrogen utilization rate. .
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Advocating straw returning to the field and paying attention to soil fertility in paddy fields.
(2) Increasing the proportion of nitrogen fertilizer applied to the base fertilizer, so that the nitrogen in the base fertilizer accounts for about 45% of the total nitrogen application rate, reduces the tillering fertilizer, and increases the application rate of the ear fertilizer.
(3) On the acidic soil, it is recommended to select alkaline calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer.
(4) Potassium fertilizer can be preferentially selected for potassium chloride, and the amount of potassium fertilizer can be appropriately reduced in the land where the straw is returned to the field.
(5) According to the soil test results, pay attention to the application of trace elements and silicon-containing fertilizers.
(6) Adopt water-saving irrigation, topdressing “with water and nitrogenâ€, give full play to the coupling effect of water and fertilizer, and improve fertilizer utilization.
3. Fertilization amount and proportion
(1) In the field of rice with a target yield of 500-600 kg/mu, the nitrogen fertilizer of the cold rice (N) is 6-8 kg/mu, the phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) is 3-4 kg/mu, and the potassium fertilizer (K2O) is 3-5 kg. / acre; in the area of ​​zinc deficiency or boron deficiency, 1 to 2 kg of zinc sulfate per acre or 0.5 to 0.75 kg of borax; in the field of acidity in the soil, the appropriate base is applied with silicon-based alkaline fertilizer.
(2) 40% to 45% of nitrogen fertilizer as base fertilizer, 20% to 25% as manure, 30% to 35% as panicle fertilizer; phosphate fertilizer as all base fertilizer; 50% of potassium fertilizer as base fertilizer and 50% as panicle fertilizer.
(2) Double-season early rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River
1. Problem
The main problem of early rice fertilization in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is that the amount of nitrogen fertilizer is too high. The amount of nitrogen fertilizer used in the early stage is too large, and the application of organic fertilizer is less.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Appropriately reduce the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer and increase the proportion of panicle fertilizer.
(2) Deep application of base fertilizer, topdressing "with water with nitrogen".
(3) Phosphate fertilizer is preferred for calcium or calcium magnesium phosphate.
(4) Add organic fertilizer and promote straw returning.
3. Fertilization amount and proportion
(1) Under the condition of 400-450 kg per mu, the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer (N) is 8-11 kg/mu, the phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) is 4-5 kg/mu, and the potassium fertilizer (K2O) is 4-5 kg/mu; In areas with zinc or boron deficiency, apply appropriate amounts of zinc or boron fertilizer; suitable bases apply silicon-containing fertilizers.
(2) 40% to 50% of nitrogen fertilizer as base fertilizer, 25% to 30% as manure, 20% to 25% as panicle fertilizer; phosphate fertilizer as all base fertilizer; 50% to 60% of potassium fertilizer as base fertilizer, 40% to 50% % as the panicle fertilizer.
(3) The amount of base fertilizer can be appropriately reduced by applying organic fertilizer or planting green manure, and the amount of potassium fertilizer can be appropriately reduced in the land where straw is returned to the field.
(3) Mid-season rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River
1. Problem
The main problems in the application of mid-season fertilization in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are: low organic fertilizer consumption; excessive nitrogen fertilizer, excessive application in the early stage; base fertilizer applied after water preparation on the ground.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Add organic fertilizer and combine organic and inorganic.
(2) Control the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer, adjust the proportion of base fertilizer and top dressing, and reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer in the previous period.
(3) Deep application of base fertilizer, topdressing "with water with nitrogen".
(4) Appropriately reduce the amount of phosphorus fertilizer in rice in the oil rice field.
3. Fertilization amount and proportion
(1) In the case of 550-600 kg per mu, the nitrogen fertilizer (N) dosage of japonica rice is 14-16 kg/mu, the nitrogen fertilizer (N) dosage of japonica rice is 10-14 kg/mu, and the phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) is 3.5-5 kg/mu. Potassium fertilizer (K2O) 4.5 ~ 6 kg / mu. The zinc-deficient soil is applied with 1 kg of zinc sulfate per acre; suitable base is applied with silicon fertilizer.
(2) Nitrogen fertilizer base fertilizer accounts for 40% to 50%, manure fertilizer accounts for 20% to 30%, panicle fertilizer accounts for 20% to 30%; organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer are all applied; potassium fertilizer base fertilizer (60% to 70%) and Spike fertilizer (30% to 40%) was applied twice.
(3) The amount of base fertilizer can be appropriately reduced by applying organic fertilizer or planting green manure.
(4) Mid-season rice in the southwestern region
1. Problem
The main problems in the fertilization of mid-season rice in the southwestern region are: the amount of organic fertilizer is small; the period of nitrogen fertilizer allocation is unreasonable, and the application in the early stage is too much; the base fertilizer is applied after the water is applied to the ground; most of the soil is acidified.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Add organic fertilizer and combine organic and inorganic.
(2) Adjust the ratio of base fertilizer to top dressing and reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer used in the previous period.
(3) Deep application of base fertilizer, topdressing "with water with nitrogen".
(4) Appropriately reduce the amount of phosphorus fertilizer in rice in the oil rice field.
(5) Select medium and low concentration phosphate fertilizers, such as calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and calcium, etc.; potassium fertilizer to choose potassium chloride.
(6) In a field with a soil pH of 5.5 or less, a silicon-containing alkaline fertilizer or a base-based quicklime is suitably applied.
3. Fertilization amount and proportion
(1) In the case of 550-600 kg per mu, the nitrogen fertilizer (N) dosage of japonica rice is 9-12 kg/mu, the nitrogen fertilizer (N) dosage of japonica rice is 8-11 kg/mu, and the phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) is 3.5-5 kg/mu. Potassium fertilizer (K2O) 3.5 ~ 5 kg / mu.
(2) Nitrogen fertilizer base fertilizer accounts for 35% to 55%, manure fertilizer accounts for 20% to 30%, panicle fertilizer accounts for 25% to 35%; organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer are all applied; potassium fertilizer base fertilizer (60% to 70%) and Spike fertilizer (30% to 40%) was applied twice.
(3) In the zinc-deficient and boron-deficient areas, apply appropriate amount of zinc fertilizer and boron fertilizer; apply 30-50 kg of siliceous alkaline fertilizer or quicklime per acre in the soil with strong acidity.
(5) South China double season early rice
1. Problem
The main problems of fertilization in double-season early rice in South China: excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer, excessive application in the early stage; most soil acidification is serious.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Control the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer, adjust the base and the proportion of chasing, reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer in the early stage, and implement the shift of nitrogen fertilizer.
(2) Deep application of base fertilizer, topdressing "with water with nitrogen".
(3) Appropriate application of silicon-containing alkaline fertilizer or quicklime in fields where the soil is acidified.
3. Fertilization amount and proportion
(1) In the case of 400-450 kg per mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) is recommended to be 9 to 10 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) is 2 to 3 kg/mu; potassium fertilizer (K2O) is 5 to 7 kg/mu; Zinc sulfate should be properly applied to zinc soil.
(2) Nitrogen application in divided applications, base fertilizer accounts for 30% to 35%, tiller fertilizer accounts for 30% to 35%, panicle fertilizer accounts for 30% to 40%, organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer are all applied, and potassium fertilizer is used as base fertilizer and manure (each 50%) two applications.
(3) The amount of base fertilizer can be appropriately reduced in the field where organic fertilizer is applied; in the plot where the straw is returned to the field, the amount of potassium fertilizer can be appropriately reduced by 30%.
(4) Apply about 50 kg of siliceous alkaline fertilizer or quicklime per acre in the soil with strong acidity.
Third, Northeast spring corn scientific fertilization guidance
1. Problem
The main fertilization problems in the current northeast spring maize production include: First, the nitrogen fertilizer has a large area for one-time fertilization, and in some areas, it is easy to cause pre-burning and post-fertilization. Second, the application period and mode of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were unreasonable, and the effect of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer was not fully exerted. Third, the application amount of organic fertilizer is small, and the proportion of straw returning to the field is low. Fourth, the planting density is low, and the number of seedlings is insufficient, which affects the application effect of fertilizer. Fifth, the soil layer is too shallow, affecting the development of the root system, and easy to fall and fall.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Nitrogen application in divided doses, diammonium phosphate as seed (mouth) fertilizer, appropriate reduction of the amount of base fertilizer, and full use of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer aftereffect.
(2) Plots with high effective potassium content and low yield levels may be applied with or without potassium fertilizer when organic fertilizer is applied.
(3) Pay attention to the application of zinc fertilizer in soil with high pH, ​​high yield and zinc-deficient soil.
(4) Increase the amount of organic fertilizer and increase the strength of straw returning to the field.
(5) Promote the application of high-yield and high-dense varieties, appropriately increase the planting density of corn, increase the yield of corn, and give full play to the effect of fertilizer.
(6) Deep pine breaks the bottom layer of the plow, promotes root development and improves water and fertilizer use efficiency.
3. Fertilization amount and proportion
According to the results of soil testing and formula fertilization, the classification guidance for corn fertilization with different yield levels is proposed:
(1) The output level is below 500 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 10～12 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4～5 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 0～3 kg/mu.
(2) The production level is 500-650 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 12～14 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4～6 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 3～5 kg/mu.
(3) The production level is above 650 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 14-16 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4-6 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 4-5 kg/mu.
If the base fertilizer is applied with organic fertilizer, the amount of chemical fertilizer can be reduced as appropriate. In fields with rich phosphorus, appropriate application of trace element zinc and iron fertilizer should be applied.
Fourth, rapeseed scientific fertilization guidance
(1) Winter rape in the Yangtze River Basin
1. Problem
The amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in rapeseed production in the Yangtze River Basin is generally low, the proportion of nutrients is not coordinated, the application of organic fertilizer is insufficient, the rate of returning straw is low, and the shortage of trace elements such as boron occurs.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Add organic fertilizer, promote organic and inorganic cooperation and returning straw to the field.
(2) Supplementing boron fertilizer according to the effective boron status of the soil.
(3) Appropriately reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer application and increase the proportion of moss fertilizer.
(4) Fertilizer application should be combined with other high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques.
3. Fertilization amount and proportion
(1) The production level is above 200 kg/mu: timely application of manure, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 3 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 3 kg/mu. The base fertilizer has no field for applying boron fertilizer. In the early stage of convulsion to flowering, the surface of the leaf is sprayed with 1.0 kg/mu of borax.
(2) Production level 100-200 kg/mu: timely application of manure, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 2.5 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 2 kg/mu. The base fertilizer has no field for applying boron fertilizer. In the early stage of convulsion to flowering, the lob sand sprayed with 0.75 kg/mu.
(3) The production level is below 100 kg/mu: timely application of manure, nitrogen fertilizer (N) 2 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 1 kg/mu. The base fertilizer has no field for applying boron fertilizer. In the early stage of convulsion to flowering, the surface of the leaf is sprayed with 0.5 kg/mu of borax.
If the base fertilizer is applied with organic fertilizer, the amount of topdressing can be reduced as appropriate. For sulfur-deficient fields, ammonium sulfate should be selected for topdressing varieties.
(2) Northern Spring Rapeseed
1. Problem
The main problems in the fertilization of spring rapeseed in the north are: one-time fertilization is common, and obvious de-fertilization in the later stage; partial application of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers, little application of organic fertilizer and straw returning to the field; affected by lyrics, the quality of sowing is not high, and the density is not enough.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Increase the application of organic fertilizers and promote the cultivation of green manure in recreational areas.
(2) Promote the separate application of nitrogen fertilizer.
(3) Replenishing boron fertilizer, zinc fertilizer and sulfur fertilizer.
(4) Improve the quality of planting, do a good job of ensuring the planting, and appropriately increase the planting density.
3. Fertilization amount and proportion
(1) The production level is above 150 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 8 kg/mu; phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 5 kg/mu; potassium fertilizer (K2O) 2.5 kg/mu; zinc sulfate 1.5 kg/mu.
(2) Production level 100-150 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 6-8 kg/mu; phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 4 kg/mu; potassium fertilizer (K2O) 2.5 kg/mu; zinc sulfate 1 kg/mu.
(3) The production level is below 100kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) dosage 6 kg/mu; phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 3 kg/mu; potassium fertilizer (K2O) 2 kg/mu; zinc sulfate 0.5 kg/mu.
Nitrogen fertilizer base and topdressing are 50% each, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are all used as base fertilizer. In addition, it is recommended to dress with 0.1-0.2 kg/mu of boron fertilizer before planting; ammonium sulfate should be used for nitrogen fertilizer.
V. Northeast soybean science fertilization guidance
1. Problem
In the spring soybean production in Northeast China, the application period and mode of fertilizer are unreasonable, the application amount of organic fertilizer is less, and the proportion of straw returning to the field is lower, resulting in low fertilizer efficiency.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) According to the soil test results, the proportion of phosphate fertilizer should be appropriately reduced. For high-yield soybeans, the amount of fertilizer can be appropriately increased, and the nitrogen fertilizer should be moved backwards;
(2) On the acidic soil, it is recommended to select calcium, magnesium and phosphate fertilizers;
(3) Advocate stratified fertilization, the depth of fertilization is 1/3 of 3~4cm below the seed, and 2/3 of 6~8cm; when it is difficult to achieve stratified fertilization, shallow fertilization is adopted in the high-cold organic matter in the north. In other areas, deep fertilization is adopted, especially the phosphate fertilizer should be concentrated and applied to the planting 10cm;
(4) Supplementing boron fertilizer and molybdenum fertilizer, in the area with less symptoms, it is possible to adopt micro-fertilizer seed dressing method, and it is best to mix seed dressing with rhizobium agent to improve the efficiency of tumor-bearing;
(5) Strengthen the matching of fertilization and cultivation techniques.
3. Fertilization amount and proportion
According to the nutrient demand of soybean, the application ratio of N-P2O5-K2O is 1:1.2:0.3-0.5 in high-fertility soil; the amount of nitrogen and potassium can be increased in low-fertility soil, and the ratio of NPK is 1:1. :0.3-0.5.
(1) The target yield of soybean is 130-150 kg/mu, and the total amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium pure nutrients in the high and low fertility fields is 4-6 kg/mu and 6-8 kg/mu, respectively.
(2) The target yield is 150-175 kg/mu, and the total amount of pure nutrients in the high and low fertility fields is 7-9 kg/mu and 8-10 kg/mu, respectively.
(3) The target yield is 175-200 kg/mu, and the ratio of NPK (N-P2O5-K2O) is 1:1.2:0.4-0.6 in high-fertility soil.
(4) The amount of nitrogen and potassium can be appropriately increased in low-fertility soil, and the ratio of application of NPK is 1:1:0.4-0.6. The total amount of pure nutrients in the high and low fertility fields is 9-12 kg/mu and 11-14 kg/mu.
Sixth, cotton scientific fertilization guidance
(1) Cotton in the Huanghuaihai area
1. Problem
The amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer in the Huanghuai sponge area is generally high, and the effect of increasing fertilizer production is declining, while the application of organic fertilizer is insufficient, and the deficiency of trace elements boron and zinc occurs.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Adding organic fertilizer and promoting organic and inorganic cooperation;
(2) According to the soil fertility conditions, appropriately reduce the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, apply potassium fertilizer efficiently, and pay attention to the combined application of boron and zinc;
(3) Applying nitrogen fertilizer in stages, and appropriately increasing the proportion of nitrogen fertilizer applied in the middle of the growing period;
(4) Fertilizer application should be combined with high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques.
3. Fertilization amount and proportion
Under the condition of 70-90 kilograms of lint per mu, the total amount of fertilization is: 2000 kg of high-quality organic fertilizer, 11 to 13 kg of nitrogen fertilizer (N), 5 to 7 kg of phosphate fertilizer (P2O5), and 5 to 7 kg of potassium fertilizer (K2O). kg. For cotton fields lacking boron and zinc, pay attention to the application of boron and zinc fertilizer.
35% to 40% of nitrogen fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, 35% to 40% is used in the initial flowering period, 15% to 20% is used in the flowering period; all the phosphate fertilizer is used as the base fertilizer; all the potassium fertilizer is used as the base fertilizer or the base chase (the initial flowering period). half. Starting from the flowering period, the cotton field with weak growth will be sprayed with 0.5%-1.0% urea and 0.3%-0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution 50-75 kg/time, and sprayed every 7-10 days. Spray continuously for 2 to 3 times.
(2) Cotton in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River
1. Problem
The amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer in the cotton area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is high, and the application of organic fertilizer is insufficient. Some soils such as potassium, boron and zinc are lacking.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Adding organic fertilizer and promoting the combination of organic and inorganic;
(2) According to the soil fertility status and fertilizer efficiency response, appropriately reduce the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and stabilize the amount of potassium fertilizer;
(3) The cotton field with obvious deficiency of boron and zinc in the soil should be applied with boron fertilizer and zinc fertilizer; the potential lack of attention should be paid to the application of boron and zinc fertilizer outside the root;
(4) For the nursery and transplanting cotton field, the phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be applied centrally by means of acupoint application or strip application;
(5) Combining fertilization with high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques.
3. Fertilization advice
(1) Under the condition of 90-110 kilograms of lint per mu, the total amount of fertilization is: 2000 kg of high-quality organic fertilizer, 16-18 kg of nitrogen fertilizer (N), 4-6 kg of phosphate fertilizer (P2O5), and potassium fertilizer (K2O). 8 to 10 kg. For cotton fields lacking boron and zinc, pay attention to the application of borax 1.0 kg/mu and zinc sulfate 1.5 kg/mu.
(2) 25%-30% of nitrogen fertilizer is used as base application, 25%-30% is used as top dressing in early flowering stage, 25%-30% is used as top dressing in full bloom period, 15%-20% is used as top dressing in boll season; As a base application; 60% of potash is used as a base and 40% is used as a top dressing. From the flowering period to the weaker cotton field, spray 0.5%-1.0% urea and 0.3%-0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution 50-75 kg / time, spray every 7-10 days, continuous spraying 2 -3 times.
(3) Xinjiang Cotton
1. Problem
The amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer in the cotton field of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps is relatively high, while the application of nitrogen and phosphorus in local cotton fields is not coordinated, and the application of organic fertilizer is insufficient.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) According to the soil fertility status and fertilizer effect, appropriately adjust the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, increase the proportion of mid-fertility application, and rationally apply phosphorus and potassium fertilizer;
(2) Make full use of local organic fertilizer resources, increase the application of organic fertilizer, and pay attention to the return of cotton stalks to the fields;
(4) Combining fertilization with high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques, especially the integrated regulation of water and fertilizer.
3. Fertilization amount and proportion
(1) Under the condition of 120-150 kg of lint per mu, the total amount of fertilization is: 50-75 kg of cotton seed cake, 14-18 kg of nitrogen fertilizer (N), 7-8 kg of phosphate fertilizer (P2O5), potash fertilizer ( K2O) 0 to 3 kg. Under the condition of 150-180 kilograms of lint per mu, the total amount of fertilization is: 75-100 kg of cotton seed cake, 18-22 kg of nitrogen fertilizer (N), 8-10 kg of phosphate fertilizer (P2O5), and potassium fertilizer (K2O) 0~ 5 kg, under the film drip irrigation cotton field to reduce the amount of fertilizer. For cotton fields lacking boron and zinc, pay attention to the application of boron and zinc fertilizer.
(2) 45% to 50% of the nitrogen fertilizer in the ground-filled cotton field is used as the base application, and 50% to 55% is used as the top dressing. 30% of the nitrogen fertilizer is used in the initial flowering period, and 20% to 25% of the nitrogen fertilizer is used in the flowering period. All phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are used as base. 25% to 30% of nitrogen fertilizer is used as a base fertilizer, 70% to 75% of nitrogen fertilizer is used as top dressing, 70% to 80% of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is used as base, and the remaining is used as top dressing, according to the growth of cotton Application, the frequency of fertilization with water is generally 9 to 10 times, and the amount of fertilizer per time does not exceed 2 kg/mu (pure nutrient content). The use of special fertilizer for drip irrigation should pay attention to the ratio of nutrient distribution and avoid the application of fertilizers with high phosphorus and potassium content.
VII, fruit tree science fertilization guidance
(a) Apple
1. Problem
The main fertilization problems in the main apple producing areas include: (1) the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer in the intensive orchard is generally high, the amount and proportion of nitrogen fertilizer applied in the fruit expansion period in spring and summer is too large, and the efficiency of fertilizer production is decreased; (2) non-intensive orchard, In the orchard or economically underdeveloped areas, the amount of organic fertilizer input is insufficient, the orchard soil is poor, and the water retention and fertilizer retention capacity is poor; (3) The soil acidification of the non-calcium soil old orchard is common, and the medium and trace elements calcium, magnesium, sulfur, zinc and Boron deficiency occurs when it occurs.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Adding organic fertilizer and promoting organic and inorganic application; adjusting the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer according to soil fertility conditions and yield level; paying attention to the combined application of calcium, magnesium, boron and zinc;
(2) Combining with high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques, applying NPK fertilizers according to tree potential and tree age;
(3) Orchards in which soil acidification occurs can be improved by applying silicon fertilizer and slaked lime.
3. Fertilization amount and proportion
(1) Orchard with an output of more than 4,500 kg: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 25-40 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 10-15 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 20-30 kg/mu; per mu yield 3500-4500 kg orchard : Nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20 ~ 30 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8 ~ 12 kg / mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 15 ~ 25 kg / mu; per mu 3500 kg below orchard: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15 ~ 25 kg / Mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 6 ~ 10 kg / mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 15 ~ 20 kg / mu.
(2) Early maturing varieties, or soil fertile, or small age, or strong tree orchard, applying organic fertilizer 2~3 square/mu; late-maturing varieties, thin soil, large age, weak tree orchard, organic fertilizer 3~4 Square/mu, chemical fertilizer is divided into 2~3 times application (late mature variety 3 times), the first time in mid-March, NPK combined application; the second time in mid-June, NPK combined application, increase potassium fertilizer dosage; For the third time, from late July to mid-August, potassium was used as the main fertilizer, with a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer.
(3) Orchards in which the soil is deficient in zinc, boron and calcium but not fertilized in autumn, apply 1 to 1.5 kg of zinc sulfate per acre, 0.5 to 1.0 kg of borax, 30 to 50 kg of calcium nitrate, and mix with organic fertilizer in early spring; Sulfur orchards should choose sulfur-containing fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, potassium sulfate, superphosphate, etc., and sulfur can also be applied as appropriate.
(two) peach
1. Problem
The amount of fertilizer used in peach orchard is quite different. The amount of fertilizer, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, the period and method of fertilization are unreasonable, and the coordination effect of fertilization and irrigation is neglected.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Strengthen the proportion of organic fertilizer application, rationally regulate the application level of NPK fertilizers according to soil fertility, early, late maturing varieties and yield levels, and pay attention to the combined application of calcium, magnesium, boron and zinc;
(2) There should be differences in the spring topdressing period of different varieties. The early maturing varieties are earlier than the late maturing varieties, and the number of top dressings is small;
(3) Combined with high-quality cultivation techniques, it is necessary to pay attention to the combination of ridge, film or orchard grass technology in the plain areas where summer damage should occur; the use of surface covering and hole storage and fertilizer technology is advocated in arid areas.
3. Fertilization amount and proportion
(1) Application amount of organic fertilizer: early-maturing varieties, or soil fertile, or small-aged trees, or tree-potential orchards, applying organic fertilizers of 1 to 2 square meters/mu; late-maturing varieties, thin soils, large trees, and weak trees Organic fertilizer 2 to 3 square meters / mu;
(2) Fertilizer application amount: j: 3000 kg/mu of Taoyuan: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 18-20 kg N/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 10-12 kg/mu, potassium fertilizer (K2O) 20-23 kg/mu ; k production level 2000 kg / mu of Taoyuan: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15 ~ 18 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 7 ~ 10 kg / mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 17 ~ 20 kg / mu; l production level 1500 kg / Mu of peach orchard: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 10 ~ 12 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 5 ~ 8 kg / mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 12 ~ 15 kg / mu;
(3) Fertilization method: All organic fertilizers are applied as base fertilizer after thawing in autumn or spring, and applied by ditching soil application method. 50% of phosphate and potassium fertilizers and 40% of nitrogen fertilizer together with organic fertilizer application, the rest of NPK fertilizers are applied according to nutrient requirements during growth period; fertilizer application is generally in peach germination stage (early March), hard core period (5 In the middle of the month) and the fruit expansion period, 2-3 times of topdressing (2 early maturing varieties, 3 late maturing varieties);
(4) For the orchards with early defoliation or excessive load in the early years, the top dressing should be strengthened. Before the germination, 2 to 3 times of urea can be sprayed 2 to 3 times, and after germination until 7 mid-July, every 7 days. Second, according to the ratio of urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate twice, the concentration is 0.3-0.5%;
(5) If the amount of organic fertilizer applied is large, the nitrogen and potassium fertilizers applied in the autumn may be reduced by 1-2 kg/mu as appropriate.
(three) citrus
1. Problem
At present, the main problems of citrus fertilization are: (1) neglecting the application of organic fertilizer and soil improvement and fertilization, soil acidification is serious, and the area of ​​thin orchard is large; (2) the amount of fertilizer used by farmers is large, the amount of fertilizer, NPK The ratio, fertilization period and method are unreasonable; (3) the lack of trace elements in calcium, magnesium, boron and zinc is common; (4) serious soil erosion and low fertilizer utilization.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Pay attention to the application of organic fertilizers, vigorously develop green manure in orchards, and implement orchard coverage;
(2) Orchard with severe acidification, apply appropriate amount of lime;
(3) According to the soil fertility status of citrus varieties and orchards, optimize the amount of NPK fertilizer, fertilization period and distribution ratio, and supplement the medium and trace elements such as calcium, magnesium, sulphur, boron and zinc;
(4) Fertilization method is changed to the whole garden for application as a concentrated point or ditch;
(5) Fertilization combined with water management and high-yield and high-quality cultivation techniques, and rainy or combined fertigation should be carried out during dry seasons, especially during spring drought.
3. Fertilization amount and proportion
(1) Fertilization amount: j-acre more than 3,000 kg orchard, organic fertilizer 2-4 square/mu; nitrogen fertilizer (N) 25-35 kg/mu; phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-12 kg/mu; potassium fertilizer (K2O) 20 -30 kg / mu; k acres of 1500-3000 kg of orchard, organic fertilizer 2-4 square / acre; nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20-30 kg / acre; phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-10 kg / acre; potassium fertilizer (K2O) 15-25 kg/mu; 1 mu of orchard under 1500 kg, organic fertilizer 2-3 square/mu; nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15-25 kg/mu; phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 6-8 kg/mu; potash fertilizer (K2O) 10-20 kg/mu;
(2) Orchard lacking boron and zinc, applying borax 0.5-0.75kg per acre, 1-1.5kg zinc sulfate, mixed with organic fertilizer and used in autumn; orchard with pH<5.5, applying lime or dolomite powder per acre 60 ~80kg, 50% applied in autumn, 50% in summer;
(3) Fertilization method: spring fertilization (germination fertilizer or pre-flowering fertilizer): 30% to 40% of nitrogen fertilizer, 30% to 40% of phosphate fertilizer, 20% to 30% of potassium fertilizer applied in gully soil before germination in February and March . For fruit trees with weak tree potential, foliar fertilization was carried out with 0.3% urea + 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate in the flower bud stage and young fruit stage; 0.1% to 0.2% borax solution was used in the boron deficiency orchard in the young fruit stage. Spray once every 10 to 15 days, continuously spraying 2-3 times; the zinc-deficient orchard is sprayed with 0.1% to 0.2% zinc sulfate solution at the young fruit stage. Summer fertilization (strong fruit fertilizer): 30-40% nitrogen fertilizer, 20% to 30% phosphate fertilizer, 40-50% potassium fertilizer applied in June-July. Fertilization in autumn and winter (harvesting fruit fertilizer): 20% to 30% of nitrogen fertilizer, 40-50% of phosphate fertilizer, 20% to 30% of potassium fertilizer, all organic fertilizer, boron and zinc are applied before and after fruit harvest from November to December. Sulphur-deficient orchards should choose sulfur-containing fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, potassium sulfate, superphosphate, etc., and sulfur can also be applied as appropriate.
Eight, vegetable science fertilization guidance
(1) Cabbage
1. Problem
The main problems in the current application of sweet potato cabbage are as follows: (1) The application amount of organic fertilizer in different fields is quite different, the phenomenon of blind application of nitrogen fertilizer is serious, the application rate of potassium fertilizer is insufficient, the application period and mode are unreasonable; (2) There is a large amount of fertilization. The phenomenon of elements, light and medium elements affects product quality; (3) the problem of excessive water and fertilizer caused by excessive irrigation is generally low in nitrogen utilization.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Rational application of organic fertilizer, organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer; application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should follow the principles of nitrogen control, phosphorus stabilization and potassium increase;
(2) The distribution of fertilizers is based on base and chasing; the topdressing is mainly based on nitrogen fertilizer, and the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are rationally coordinated; pay attention to the appropriate supplement of calcium and boron in the period from rosette to late stage to prevent “dry heart†And other diseases.
(3) Combine with high-yield cultivation techniques, especially water-saving irrigation technology, to give full play to the coupling effect of water and fertilizer and improve fertilizer utilization.
3. Fertilization amount and proportion
(1) Applying high-quality farmyard manure 2 square meters per mu.
(2) The production level is greater than 6500 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) is 18-20 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) is 10-12 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) is 14-16 kg/mu. The production level is 5,500-6,500 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) is 15-18 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) is 6-10 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) is 12-14 kg/mu. The production level is 4500-5500 kg/mu, nitrogen fertilizer (N) is 13-15 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) is 4-6 kg/mu, and potassium fertilizer (K2O) is 8-10 kg/mu. Nitrogen and potassium fertilizer 30% to 40% base application, 60% to 70% in the rosette stage and the initial stage of ball formation, the phosphate fertilizer is used as the base fertilizer or hole application;
(3) For the plots where the "dry heartburn" occurred in previous years, pay attention to nitrogen and calcium supplementation, and spray 0.3% to 0.5% CaCl2 solution from the rosette to the late stage of the ball for 2 to 3 times; For the plot, 0.5 to 1 kg/mu of borax may be applied, or 0.2% to 0.3% of borax solution may be sprayed 2 to 3 times. At the same time, it can be sprayed with spraying 2 to 3 times of 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate to increase the vegetable yield and commercial rate of cabbage.
(2) Facility tomato
1. Problem
Most of the central and southwestern regions are small and medium-sized arch sheds, and most of the northern regions such as North China are solar greenhouses. The main fertilization problems are as follows: (1) excessive fertilization is common, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers are used at a high level, and soil nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient accumulation is obvious; (2) The proportion of nutrient input is unreasonable, and there are obstacles in the supply of elements such as calcium, magnesium and boron in non-calcium soil; (3) excessive nutrient loss caused by excessive irrigation; (4) severe deterioration of soil quality due to continuous cropping obstacles, decreased nutrient absorption efficiency, and vegetable quality decline.
2. Fertilization principle
(1) Rational application of organic fertilizer, reduction of the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, application of potassium fertilizer, non-calcium soil and acidic soils should be supplemented with trace elements such as calcium, magnesium and boron;
(2) According to crop yield, sorghum and soil fertility conditions, rational allocation of chemical fertilizers, most of the phosphorus fertilizer application, nitrogen and potassium fertilizers; early spring growth should not be frequent top dressing, pay attention to post-flowering and late-stage topdressing;
(3) Combine with high-yield cultivation techniques and adopt the principle of “small number of times†to rationally fertilize and fertilize;
(4) The old shed with soil degradation needs to return to the field or apply high organic fertilizer with high C/N ratio, reduce the amount of fertilized manure, increase the number of rotations, and achieve the purpose of desalting and reducing continuous cropping obstacles.
3. Fertilization amount and proportion
(1) The seedling fertilizer is added with decomposed organic fertilizer, supplemented with phosphate fertilizer, 60~100 kg of decomposed poultry manure per 0.5m2 seedbed, 0.5~1kg of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, 0.5kg of potassium sulfate, 0.5%~0.1 according to the condition of the seedling % urea solution 1-2 times.
(2) Applying high-quality organic fertilizer 2 to 3 square meters/mu.
(3) The production level is 4000-6000 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 15-20 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 8-10 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 20-25 kg/mu; production level 6000-8000 Kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 20-30 kg/mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 10-15 kg/mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 30-35 kg/mu; production level 8000-10000 kg/mu: nitrogen fertilizer (N) 30 ~ 38 kg / mu, phosphate fertilizer (P2O5) 15 ~ 20 kg / mu, potash fertilizer (K2O) 35 ~ 40 kg / mu. More than 70% of the phosphate fertilizer is used as the base fertilizer strip (point), and the rest is applied with 20%~30% nitrogen and potassium fertilizer base application, 70%~80% after the flowering to the ear expansion period, 3-10 times with the water. , each time the application of nitrogen fertilizer does not exceed 5-7 kg N / mu;
(4) When the pH of the vegetable field is less than 6, the calcium, magnesium and boron are easily deficient, and the calcium fertilizer (Ca) can be 50-75 kg/mu, and the magnesium fertilizer (Mg) is 4-6 kg/mu. 2-3 times of 0.1% concentration of boron fertilizer.
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