There are many kinds of insulating materials, which can be divided into three categories: gas, liquid and solid. Commonly used gas insulating materials are air, nitrogen, sulfur hexafluoride insulated PC film. The liquid insulating materials mainly include mineral insulating oil and synthetic insulating oil (silicone oil, dodecylbenzene, polyisobutylene, isopropylbiphenyl, diarylethane, etc.). Solid insulating materials can be divided into organic and inorganic types. Organic solid insulation materials include insulating varnish, insulating rubber, insulating paper, insulating fiber products, plastics, rubber, lacquered paint tubes and insulating impregnated fiber products, electrical films, composite products and adhesive tapes, and laminates for electricians. Inorganic solid insulation materials mainly include mica, glass, ceramics and their products. In contrast, solid insulation materials are diverse and most important.
Different electrical equipments have different requirements for the performance of insulating materials. Insulating materials for high voltage electrical equipment such as high voltage motors, high voltage cables, etc., require high breakdown strength and low dielectric loss. Low-voltage electrical appliances are mainly required for mechanical strength, elongation at break, and heat resistance.
The macroscopic properties of insulating materials such as electrical properties, thermal properties, mechanical properties, chemical resistance, weather resistance, corrosion resistance, etc. are closely related to its chemical composition and molecular structure. Inorganic solid insulation material is mainly composed of silicon, boron and various metal oxides. It is mainly composed of ionic structure. The main features are high heat resistance, working temperature is generally greater than 180 ° C, good stability, weather resistance and resistance. Chemical properties and long-term aging performance under the action of electric field; but high brittleness, low impact strength, high pressure resistance and low tensile strength; poor processability. The organic material is generally a polymer having an average molecular weight of between 104 and 106, and its heat resistance is generally lower than that of an inorganic material. A material containing an aromatic ring, a heterocyclic ring, and an element such as silicon, titanium, or fluorine has higher heat resistance than a general linear chain polymer material.
Important factors affecting the dielectric properties of insulating materials are the strength of the molecular polarity and the content of polar components. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the polar material are higher than that of the non-polar material, and it is easy to adsorb the impurity ions to increase the conductance and lower the dielectric properties. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to cleaning and prevent pollution during the manufacturing process of insulating materials. Capacitors for dielectrics require a high dielectric constant to increase their specific characteristics.
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